In the schematic are two voltage ... know the resistance of R4 (let’s instead call it Rx). And let’s connect A and C through a galvanometer as shown above. If the current is 0 amps then ...

V_{tpd}\) can also be calculated as \(I R\) where \(R\) is the load resistance. Voltage is a measure of energy, and energy is always conserved. So the EMF \(E\) of a cell is equal to the sum of ...

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